Lantana camara poisoning in cattle that took refuge during a storm in a forest invaded by this plant.

An outbreak of poisoning by Lantana camara occurred in cattle when a herd sought refuge in a Eucalyptus forest heavily infested by this plant. The animals showed apathy, elevated serum activities of hepatic enzymes, severe photosensitivity, jaundice, hepatomegaly and nephrosis. After a clinical manifestation period of 2-15 days, 74 out of 170 heifers died. The main histological changes were random hepatocellular necrosis, cholestasis, biliary proliferation and, in one animal, centrilobular necrosis. Immunostaining for Caspase 3 detected scattered apoptotic hepatocytes.

Nierembergia rivularis poisoning in cattle.

Nierembergia rivularis causes enzootic calcinosis (EC) in sheep. In this work, we describe EC caused by N. rivularis in cattle. For 3 years cattle grazing in 7 paddocks were evaluated. Cows with clinical signs compatible with EC were detected in only one paddock with a morbidity of 9.4%, 24.5%, and 34.5% during the summer of 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Affected cows weighed 55 kg less (p < 0.01) than cows without signs of the same paddock, and 19.6% of these cows had hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia. Typical soft tissue calcification was observed in 3 autopsied cows. Additionally to the arterial calcification, 2 cows had multiple mineralized foci in several veins. In the Paddock A where EC occurred, the pasture contained 7-12% N. rivularis. In the other 6 paddocks (Paddocks B-G) where EC had not occurred, the pasture had 0.2-3.5% N. rivularis. Cows grazing in Paddock A had ∼30% lower pregnancy rates than cows from Paddocks B-G. At the slaughterhouse, the carcasses of 45 cows from Paddock A weighed 17.6% (p < 0.01) less than 93 carcasses of cows from Paddocks B-G. Furthermore, the carcasses of cows from Paddock A were classified as low quality. Eight cows with EC signs from Paddock A and 10 cows without EC signs from Paddocks B-G were removed to a Lolium multiflorum pasture. After 120 days of grazing, the cows from Paddock A gained 45.2% less (p < 0.01) live weight than cows from Paddocks B-G. Poisoning with N. rivularis may cause significant economic losses in Uruguay due to low fertility rates and weight gain of affected cattle.

Spontaneous abortion in cattle after consumption of Hesperocyparis (Cupressus) macrocarpa (Hartw.) Bartel and Cupressus arizonica (Greene) needles in Uruguay.

An outbreak of cattle abortion associated with the consumption of Hesperocyparis (Cupressus) macrocarpa and Cupressus arizonica needles has been reported in Uruguay. Twenty-five of 125 pregnant heifers in late-term pregnancy aborted after being introduced into a paddock containing numerous H. macrocarpa, C. arizonica and Casuarina cunninghamiana trees. There were no significant macroscopic or histological findings in the two fetuses analyzed. Abortifacient labdane acids were detected in the needles of H. macrocarpa (1.68%, D.W.) and C. arizonica (0.36%, D.W.) but none were found in C. cunninghamiana.

Clinical and pathological findings of Rhodococcus equi infection in foals / Achados clínicos e patológicos da infecção por Rhodococcus equi em potros

Infection by Rhodococcus equi is considered one of the major health concerns for foals worldwide. In order to better understand the disease's clinical and pathological features, we studied twenty cases of natural infection by R. equi in foals. These cases are characterized according to their clinical and pathological findings and immunohistochemical aspects. Necropsy, histologic examination, bacterial culture, R. equi and Pneumocystis spp. immunohistochemistry were performed. The foals had a mean age of 60 days and presented respiratory signs (11/20), hyperthermia (10/20), articular swelling (6/20), prostration (4/20), locomotor impairment (3/20) and diarrhea (3/20), among others. The main lesions were of pyogranulomatous pneumonia, seen in 19 foals, accompanied or not by pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis (10/20) and pyogranulomatous and ulcerative enterocolitis (5/20). Pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis was seen in 3 foals, one of which did not have pulmonary involvement. There was lymphoplasmacytic (4/20), lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic (1/20) or pyogranulomatous arthritis (1/20), affecting multiple or singular joints. Immunohistochemistry revealed to be a valuable tool for the detection of R. equi, confirming the diagnosis in all cases. Furthermore, pulmonary immunostaining for Pneumocystis spp. demonstrates that a coinfection with R. equi and this fungal agent is a common event in foals, seen in 13 cases.(AU)

Infecção por Rhodococcus equi é considerado um dos maiores problemas sanitários para potros em todo o mundo. Para melhor compreender a apresentação clínica e patológica da enfermidade, foram avaliados vinte casos de infecção natural por R. equi em potros. Os casos são caracterizados de acordo com seus achados clínicos e patológicos e aspectos imuno-histoquímicos. Foram realizados exames de necropsia, histologia, bacteriologia e imuno-histoquímica para R. equi e Pneumocystis spp. Os potros tinham idade media de 60 dias e apresentaram sinais respiratórios (11/20), hipertermia (10/20), aumento de volume articular (6/20), prostração (4/20), distúrbios locomotores (3/20) e diarreia (3/20), entre outros. As lesões mais importantes eram pneumonia piogranulomatosa, vista em 19 potros, acompanhada ou não por linfadenite piogranulomatosa (10/20) e enterocolite ulcerativa (5/20). Osteomielite piogranulomatosa foi constatada em três potros, um dos quais não apresentava envolvimento pulmonar. Artrites afetando uma ou múltiplas articulações eram caracterizadas por infiltrado linfoplasmocítico (4/20), linfoplasmocítico e neutrofílico (1/20) e piogranulomatoso (1/20). A imuno-histoquímica demonstrou ser uma ferramenta valiosa na detecção de R. equi, permitindo confirmar o diagnóstico em todos os casos avaliados. Além disso, a imuno-histoquímica para Pneumocystis spp. demonstra que a coinfecção por R. equi e o agente fúngico é um evento frequente em potros, constatado em 13 casos.(AU)

Hydrallantois in cows naturally poisoned by Sida carpinifolia in Brazil.

Sida carpinifolia is a small subshrub that is distributed throughout Brazil and is responsible for lysosomal storage disease and occasional reproductive problems in cattle, goats, equids, sheep, and deer. We describe herein the clinical, epidemiologic, and pathologic features of hydrallantois in 3 cows naturally poisoned by S. carpinifolia in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Clinically, all cows had marked abdominal distension and mild ataxia. After natural death or euthanasia, autopsies revealed that the abdominal distension in all 3 cases was caused by severe enlargement of the uterus, which contained 100-120 L of translucent fluid within the allantois, in addition to adventitial placentation. Microscopic evaluation of the placenta revealed marked diffuse edema, sometimes with a myxomatous appearance. Neurons in the cerebellum and obex were swollen, with mild-to-moderate cytoplasmic granular vacuolation. Histochemical examination with lectins ConA, WGA, and sWGA revealed mild-to-marked staining in the cytoplasm of neurons of the cerebellum and medulla at the level of the obex, indicating the occurrence of α-mannosidosis.

Achados clínico-patológicos e métodos de controle da intoxicação por Pteridium (aquilinum) arachnoideum em uma propriedade do Rio Grande do Sul / Clinical and pathological findings and control methods of the poisoning by Pteridium (aquilinum) arachnoideum in a farm of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A infestação de pastagens por Pteridium arachnoideum é um problema que afeta a pecuária em diversas partes do mundo, ocasionando perdas produtivas e mortalidades nos rebanhos, bem como a redução das áreas de pastagens. Devido aos prejuízos na bovinocultura, foi proposto o acompanhamento de uma propriedade no Rio Grande do Sul com perdas por Pteridium arachnoideum. Realizou-se um levantamento das mortes associadas à intoxicação por samambaia na propriedade durante o período de janeiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2015. Adicionalmente, testou-se a viabilidade de ovinos como ferramenta de controle biológico de samambaia e se acompanhou as tentativas de controle da planta através do uso dos herbicidas metilsulfuron-metil e picloram, os quais eram associados ou não à roçada prévia. Das mortes por intoxicação natural acompanhadas na propriedade, observou-se 22 casos de quadro agudo de diátese hemorrágica e seis de quadro crônico de carcinomas do trato digestório superior. Em cinco bovinos jovens com diátese hemorrágica, além de hemorragias disseminadas e infartos, observou-se acentuado edema laríngeo, que cursava, clinicamente, com dispneia e estertores respiratórios característicos. Os carcinomas do trato digestório superior, apesar de menos frequentes, causaram perdas expressivas, devido à mortalidade anual de reprodutoras. Notou-se que a introdução de bovinos jovens em áreas recentemente roçadas pode resultar no consumo de grandes quantidades de samambaia e na ocorrência de surtos da enfermidade aguda. O controle das populações de samambaia pelo pastejo por ovinos não foi eficiente, devido ao baixo consumo observado com a lotação de quatro ovinos por hectare, embora mortalidade de ovinos por consumo da planta não tenha sido registrada. Após a retirada do potreiro infestado por samambaia, ao final do experimento, oito dos ovinos foram acompanhados, clinicamente, por três anos e não apresentaram nenhuma alteração. A utilização dos herbicidas resultou em uma redução da cobertura de P. arachnoideum. No entanto, essa prática necessita de estudos adicionais, já que algumas áreas não tiveram recuperação satisfatória da pastagem e o seu uso pode causar impactos ambientais e aquisição de resistência de P. arachnoideum aos herbicidas.(AU)

The infestation of pastures by populations of Pteridium arachnoideum has been a considerable and global problem to the livestock production, due to animal mortality and pasture coverage reduction. Given the impact of P. arachnoideum on cattle production, it has been proposed to monitor a beef cattle farm in Rio Grande do Sul, to assess some of the losses associated with the plant consumption and the methods employed for the plant control. A survey of cattle deaths associated with fern poisoning on the farm was carried out from January 2007 to January 2015. In addition, the viability of sheep as a biological control tool was tested. Attempts to control the plant through the use of the herbicides methylsulfuron-methyl and picloram associated or not with previous mowing were monitored. Cases of natural poisoning observed in the farm included the acute form (22), known as hemorrhagic diathesis as well as the chronic form, consisting in digestive carcinomas (6). Five cases of hemorrhagic diathesis in young cattle went along with marked laryngeal edema, which was clinically manifested as dyspnea and roaring, in addition to the classic pathological changes of widespread hemorrhages and infarcts. Even though less frequent, upper digestive tract carcinomas caused significant losses, due to annual mortality of mature cows. In occasions, when cattle were moved to newly mowed infested areas, outbreaks of acute poisoning were observed. The attempted control by sheep introduction showed to be unpractical, due to the little consumption seen at a stocking rate of four sheep per hectare. However, sheep mortality due to P. arachnoideum consumption was not recorded. The plant control method applied at the farm is based on both, the mowing of densely populated areas and the use of herbicides, namely metylsulfuron-methyl and picloram, in all paddocks. The reduction of P. arachnoideum coverage showed to be varied in different paddocks, however allowed the recovery of some grazing areas. This practice needs further studies, as some areas have not had satisfactory pasture recovery, and its indiscriminate use could lead to environmental impacts and resistance of P. arachnoideum to herbicides.(AU)

Bócio em bovinos / Goiter in cattle

Bócio é o aumento não inflamatório e não neoplásico da glândula tireoide em animais adultos e recém-nascidos. Uma das principais causas envolvidas é a deficiência nutricional de iodo. Relata-se neste trabalho, a ocorrência de três surtos de bócio em bovinos. Na primeira propriedade (Propriedade A), 60 bezerros foram afetados, sendo que 20 morreram logo após o nascimento, 30 recuperaram-se e 10 permaneceram doentes e tiveram remissão dos sinais apenas após tratamento parenteral com iodo. Na segunda propriedade (Propriedade B) uma vaca e seu feto foram acometidos e na terceira (Propriedade C) dois bezerros foram afetados. Os principais sinais clínicos observados nos bezerros foram aumento de volume bilateral na região cervical ventral, emagrecimento, dificuldade respiratória, hipotricose e desenvolvimento corpóreo retardado. Na propriedade A foi relatada ainda a ocorrência de abortamentos. Macroscopicamente, os bezerros e o feto apresentavam tireoide aumentada, vermelho-escura, com vascularização evidente e edema subcutâneo cervical. No surto dois também foi observado, à necropsia, aumento de volume da glândula tireoide da vaca. Microscopicamente, a tiroide dos bezerros e do feto apresentava folículos tireoidianos hiperplásicos, heterogêneos, destituídos de coloide e com interstício acentuadamente vascularizado. A tireoide da vaca era semelhante à dos bezerros, no entanto, possuía quantidade maior de coloide. Em todos os casos a suplementação mineral era realizada por meio da mistura de sal mineral com sal branco. Na Propriedade A o sal branco era não iodado e misturado em partes iguais com o sal mineral. Na Propriedade B o sal também era misturado a um sal branco não iodado na proporção e 1:2, respectivamente. Na Propriedade C o sal mineral e o sal branco não iodado eram ofertados em cochos separados no campo e, segundo relato do proprietário, os animais priorizavam o consumo do sal branco. Em todas as propriedades acompanhadas foi recomendada a interrupção da adição de sal branco na mistura mineral e a administração de iodo aos bezerros acometidos. Após essas medidas não foram observados novos casos nas propriedades. Apesar de ser uma enfermidade bem conhecida, ainda são poucos os relatados de casos de bócios em bovinos no Brasil. Além disso, pouco se sabe sobre as reais deficiências minerais de cada região, e que simples orientações de manejo nutricional ainda são necessárias.(AU)

Goiter is a non-inflammatory and non-neoplastic enlargement of the thyroid gland in adults and neonates. One of the main causes involved is the nutritional deficiency of iodine. In this study three outbreaks of goiter in cattle are reported. In the first outbreak (Farm A) 60 calves were affected, of which 20 died soon after birth, 30 recovered and 10 remained sick. In the second outbreak (Farm B) a cow and its fetus were affected and in the third outbreak (Farm C) two calves were affected. The main clinical signs observed were bilaterally enlarged thyroid glands, weight loss, respiratory distress, hypotrichosis and myxedema. Additionally in the Farm A abortions were reported. Macroscopically the thyroid of the calves and fetus was enlarged, dark red with evident vascularization and cervical subcutaneous edema. In the Farm B the cow showed enlarged thyroid gland as well. Microscopically the calves and the fetus had hyperplastic and heterogeneous thyroid follicles with absence of colloid and vascularized interstitium. The thyroid of the cow was also hyperplastic, but had higher amount of colloid. In all outbreaks the mineral supplementation was performed by mixing non-iodized white salt with the mineral mixture. On the property A the white salt was non-iodized and mixed in equal parts with the mineral salt. At property B the salt was also mixed to a non-iodized white salt in ratio and 1:2, respectively. In the property C, mineral salt and non-iodized white salt were offered in separate troughs in the field, and according to the owner's report the animals prioritized the consumption of white salt. In all the monitored properties it was recommended to stop the addition of white salt in the mineral mixture and the administration of iodine to the affected calves. After these measurements no new cases were observed in the properties. Despite being a well-known disease, there are still few reported cases of goiter in cattle in Brazil. Moreover, little is known about the actual mineral deficiencies of each region, and that simple nutritional management guidelines are still needed.(AU)

Intoxicação por Senecio brasiliensis em bezerros: padrão e evolução de lesões hepáticas / Senecio brasiliensis poisoning in calves: pattern and evolution of hepatic lesions

Poisoning by Senecio spp. plants are an important cause of death in cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is estimated that over 50% of deaths caused by toxic plants are due to the ingestion of Senecio spp. The epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of a spontaneous outbreak of Senecio brasiliensis in calves are described here. Characterization and evolution of liver lesions during the outbreak are also described. Two hundred and six 4-month-old female calves were weaned and placed in a 25-hectare pasture heavily infested by S. brasiliensis at of varying growth stages. The calves remained in this pasture for three months and were later transferred to another area where six calves aged 7-8- month-old developed clinical signs including unthriftiness, diarrhea, and subcutaneous dependent edema in the submandibular region. All these six affected calves died within 15 days from the onset of clinical signs and one of those was necropsied. Grossly the first of three patterns of hepatic lesions described in this report was observed and it was characterized by an enlarged liver, with round borders and an orange hue to the capsular and cut surfaces. Histologically there was marked diffuse vacuolar hepatocellular degeneration, bilestasis, hepatocellular megalocytosis, and mild bile duct proliferation and periportal fibrosis. Two months after the onset of the outbreak, in another visit to the farm, it was observed that an additional 28 calves got sick and 14 died. Affected calves observed in this second on-site visit were 9-10 month-old and their main clinical sign was photosensitization characterized by varying degrees of photophobia, tearing from the eyes, marked drooling, mucopurulent ocular discharge, increased nasal secretion, and ventral diphtheric glossitis. Two of the fourteen calves that died were necropsied and displayed the second pattern of hepatic lesions observed in the outbreak. [...]

Intoxicações por plantas do gênero Senecio representam uma importante causa de morte em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul e estima-se que mais de 50% das mortes causadas por plantas tóxicas devem-se à intoxicação por Senecio spp. Nesse trabalho, são descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de intoxicação natural por Senecio brasiliensis em bezerros e a caracterização e evolução das lesões hepáticas durante o surto. Um lote com 206 bovinos, fêmeas, sem raça definida, foi desmamado com aproximadamente quatro meses de idade e soltos em campo nativo com 25 hectares, contendo grande quantidade de Senecio brasiliensis em diferentes estágios. Os bovinos permaneceram nesse campo durante três meses e posteriormente foram transferidos para outra área. Na nova área, seis bezerras, com idades entre sete a oito meses, começaram a apresentar sinais clínicos de emagrecimento, fraqueza, diarreia e edema subcutâneo de declive na região submandibular. Os seis bovinos morreram em um período de 15 dias e um deles foi necropsiado. Macroscopicamente, foi visualizado o primeiro dos três padrões distintos de lesão hepática dos bovinos desse surto, que se caracterizava por um fígado aumentado de tamanho, com os bordos arredondados e com superfície capsular e de corte alaranjada. Histologicamente havia acentuada degeneração vacuolar hepatocelular difusa, bilestase, megalocitose e leve proliferação de ductos biliares e fibrose periportal. Dois meses após o início do surto, constatou-se que em um período de 20 dias adoeceram mais 28 bezerras e, dessas, 14 morreram. Os bovinos acometidos nessa segunda visita tinham idades entre nove a 10 meses. O principal sinal clínico observado foi fotossensibilização, e incluía graus variados de fotofobia, lacrimejamento, salivação excessiva, descarga ocular mucopurulenta, secreção nasal e glossite diftérica ventral.[...]

Intoxicação por Senecio brasiliensis em bezerros: padrão e evolução de lesões hepáticas / Senecio brasiliensis poisoning in calves: pattern and evolution of hepatic lesions

Intoxicações por plantas do gênero Senecio representam uma importante causa de morte em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul e estima-se que mais de 50% das mortes causadas por plantas tóxicas devem-se à intoxicação por Senecio spp. Nesse trabalho, são descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de intoxicação natural por Senecio brasiliensis em bezerros e a caracterização e evolução das lesões hepáticas durante o surto. Um lote com 206 bovinos, fêmeas, sem raça definida, foi desmamado com aproximadamente quatro meses de idade e soltos em campo nativo com 25 hectares, contendo grande quantidade de Senecio brasiliensis em diferentes estágios. Os bovinos permaneceram nesse campo durante três meses e posteriormente foram transferidos para outra área. Na nova área, seis bezerras, com idades entre sete a oito meses, começaram a apresentar sinais clínicos de emagrecimento, fraqueza, diarreia e edema subcutâneo de declive na região submandibular. Os seis bovinos morreram em um período de 15 dias e um deles foi necropsiado. Macroscopicamente, foi visualizado o primeiro dos três padrões distintos de lesão hepática dos bovinos desse surto, que se caracterizava por um fígado aumentado de tamanho, com os bordos arredondados e com superfície capsular e de corte alaranjada. Histologicamente havia acentuada degeneração vacuolar hepatocelular difusa, bilestase, megalocitose e leve proliferação de ductos biliares e fibrose periportal. Dois meses após o início do surto, constatou-se que em um período de 20 dias adoeceram mais 28 bezerras e, dessas, 14 morreram. Os bovinos acometidos nessa segunda visita tinham idades entre nove a 10 meses. O principal sinal clínico observado foi fotossensibilização, e incluía graus variados de fotofobia, lacrimejamento, salivação excessiva, descarga ocular mucopurulenta, secreção nasal e glossite diftérica ventral. Das 14 bezerras mortas, realizou-se a necropsia de duas delas, sendo visualizado o segundo padrão de lesão hepática nesse surto (Padrão 2). Os fígados estavam com a superfície capsular lisa e esbranquiçada e moderadamente diminuídos de tamanho. Ao corte observou-se leve irregularidade do parênquima e áreas mais claras intercaladas com áreas avermelhadas. O aspecto histológico incluía acentuada fibrose periportal, marcada proliferação de ductos biliares, megalocitose, áreas multifocais de necrose de hepatócitos, hemorragia e lesões veno-oclusivas. A atividade sérica da GGT foi avaliada em 15 bovinos afetados nessa segunda visita à propriedade. Desses, 13 bezerras testadas apresentaram alterações nos valores, que variaram de 26-175 U/L. Em uma terceira visita à propriedade, sete meses após o início do surto, mais 27 bezerras adoeceram em um período de 40 dias e, dessas, 23 morreram, sendo três submetidas à necropsia. Evidenciou-se o terceiro padrão de lesão hepática. O fígado dos três bovinos estava diminuído de tamanho e acentuadamente firme. A superfície capsular era lisa e esbranquiçada, e a superfície de corte apresentava-se difusamente acastanhada. Lesões histológicas semelhantes ao segundo padrão foram também constatadas no fígado dessas três bezerras. Na quarta visita à propriedade, realizaram-se biópsias hepáticas nos 163 bovinos restantes do lote. Lesões hepáticas características da intoxicação estavam presentes em 103 dos 163 bovinos submetidos à biopsia hepática. Os bovinos afetados foram classificados em grupos de acordo com a severidade e os aspectos morfológicos observados. O diagnóstico de intoxicação nos bovinos desse estudo baseou-se nos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos, associados ao histórico do consumo da planta e evolução das lesões.(AU)

Poisoning by Senecio spp. plants are an important cause of death in cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is estimated that over 50% of deaths caused by toxic plants are due to the ingestion of Senecio spp. The epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of a spontaneous outbreak of Senecio brasiliensis in calves are described here. Characterization and evolution of liver lesions during the outbreak are also described. Two hundred and six 4-month-old female calves were weaned and placed in a 25-hectare pasture heavily infested by S. brasiliensis at of varying growth stages. The calves remained in this pasture for three months and were later transferred to another area where six calves aged 7-8- month-old developed clinical signs including unthriftiness, diarrhea, and subcutaneous dependent edema in the submandibular region. All these six affected calves died within 15 days from the onset of clinical signs and one of those was necropsied. Grossly the first of three patterns of hepatic lesions described in this report was observed and it was characterized by an enlarged liver, with round borders and an orange hue to the capsular and cut surfaces. Histologically there was marked diffuse vacuolar hepatocellular degeneration, bilestasis, hepatocellular megalocytosis, and mild bile duct proliferation and periportal fibrosis. Two months after the onset of the outbreak, in another visit to the farm, it was observed that an additional 28 calves got sick and 14 died. Affected calves observed in this second on-site visit were 9-10 month-old and their main clinical sign was photosensitization characterized by varying degrees of photophobia, tearing from the eyes, marked drooling, mucopurulent ocular discharge, increased nasal secretion, and ventral diphtheric glossitis. Two of the fourteen calves that died were necropsied and displayed the second pattern of hepatic lesions observed in the outbreak. Liver had smooth and whitish capsular surfaces and a moderate decrease in size. There was moderate irregularity to the cut surface of hepatic parenchyma and pale areas intercalated with red ones. Histologically there was marked periportal fibrosis, marked bile duct proliferation, hepatocellular megalocytosis, focal areas of hepatocellular necrosis, and hemorrhage and veno-occlusive changes. In this second on-site visit, GGT serum activity was determined in 15 affected calves and 13 of them had increased values (26-175 U/L). Seven months after the onset of the outbreak, a third visit was made to the farm when was learned that and additional 27 calves have been affected, 23 of which died within a period of 40 days. At the necropsy of three of these calves the third pattern of hepatic lesions were observed. The liver was decreased in size and markedly firm. The capsular surface was smooth and whitish and the capsular surface was diffusely tan. Histological lesions similar to those observed in the second pattern were seen in in the liver of these three calves. A fourth on-site visit to the farm was made and a liver biopsy was performed in each of the 163 calves remaining in the herd and hepatic lesions characteristic of Senecio poisoning were observed in the liver biopsy of 103 of them. Affected calves were classified in groups according to the severity and morphologic aspects of the observed hepatic lesions. The diagnosis of Senecio poisoning in calves of this study was based on epidemiology, clinical and anatomopathological findings associated with the history of consumption of the plant, and on the chronological development of the lesions.(AU)

Fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in Valley quail (Callipepla californica).

An adult, captive raised male Valley quail (Callipepla californica) acquired by a southern Brazilian aviary suddenly showed severe apathy, dyspnea and diarrhea, and died 18 hours after the onset of illness. At necropsy, pale muscles and whitish areas in the heart, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and consolidated red lungs were observed. Histological findings were mainly mononuclear inflammation with necrosis of liver, heart, spleen, bone marrow and lung. There were large numbers of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoitesorganisms in the liver, heart, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, trachea, kidneys, adrenal glands, testes, intestines, and pancreas. These organisms were seen free in the organs' stroma or within macrophages and stained positively with polyclonal antiserum to T. gondii. Genomic DNA was extracted from the tissues and PCR was used to target the B1 gene of T. gondii. The genotypic characterization by PCR-RFLP with 11 markers (SAG1, SAG2 and alt. SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3) revealed the ToxoDB-PCR-RFLP #87 genotype, the same as previously identified in a backyard chicken (TgCkBr156) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Nested-PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in bronchial alveolar swabs, frozen tissues and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded swine lung samples: comparative evaluation with immunohistochemical findings and histological features / Detecção de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae por PCR em amostras de pulmão suíno fixadas em formalina e associação com achados histológicos e imuno-histoquímicos

The diagnosis of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection is often performed through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or a combination of these techniques. PCR can be performed on samples using several conservation methods, including swabs, frozen tissue or formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. However, the formalin fixation process often inhibits DNA amplification. To evaluate whether M. hyopneumoniae DNA could be recovered from FFPE tissues, 15 lungs with cranioventral consolidation lesions were collected in a slaughterhouse from swine bred in herds with respiratory disease. Bronchial swabs and fresh lung tissue were collected, and a fragment of the corresponding lung section was placed in neutral buffered formalin for 48 hours. A PCR assay was performed to compare FFPE tissue samples with samples that were only refrigerated (bronchial swabs) or frozen (tissue pieces). M. hyopneumoniae was detected by PCR in all 15 samples of the swab and frozen tissue, while it was detected in only 11 of the 15 FFPE samples. Histological features of M. hyopneumoniae infection were presented in 11 cases and 7 of these samples stained positive in IHC. Concordance between the histological features and detection results was observed in 13 of the FFPE tissue samples. PCR was the most sensitive technique. Comparison of different sample conservation methods indicated that it is possible to detect M. hyopneumoniae from FFPE tissue. It is important to conduct further research using archived material because the efficiency of PCR could be compromised under these conditions.

O diagnóstico de infecção por Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae é frequentemente realizado através de histopatologia, imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), ou uma combinação dessas técnicas. PCR pode ser realizada a partir de amostras submetidas a vários métodos de conservação, incluindo swabs, tecido refrigerado ou congelado, ou ainda tecido fixado em formalina e embebido em parafina (FFEP). Entretanto, o processo de fixação em formalina pode inibir a amplificação de DNA. Para avaliar se DNA de M. hyopneumoniae poderia ser recuperado de tecido FFEP, 15 pulmões com lesões de consolidação crânio-ventral de suínos oriundos de rebanhos com problemas respiratórios foram selecionados no abatedouro. Swabs bronquiais e pulmão fresco foram colhidos, e um fragmento da mesma porção de pulmão foi colocado por 48 horas em solução de formalina tamponada e posteriormente processado e embebido em parafina. PCR foi realizada comparando amostras de tecido fixado em formalina com amostras que passaram somente por refrigeração (swab bronquial) ou foram congeladas (fragmentos de tecido). A detecção de M. hyopneumoniae ocorreu em todas as 15 amostras de swabs e tecido congelado enquanto em amostras de tecido FFEP, o agente foi detectado somente em 11 das 15 amostras. Características histológicas de infecção por M. hyopneumoniae ocorreram em 11 casos e 7 destas amostras obtiveram marcação imuno-histoquímica positiva. Concordância entre histologia e detecção a partir de tecido FFEP foi observada em 13 casos. Dentre as técnicas analisadas, a PCR foi a mais sensível. A comparação de diferentes métodos de conservação de amostras indica que é possível detectar M. hyopneumoniae a partir de tecido FFEP, fato importante para pesquisa utilizando material arquivado, porém a eficácia do teste de PCR pode ficar comprometida sob essas condições.

Surto de intoxicação por sal em suínos em Santa Catarina / Outbreak of salt poisoning in pigs in Santa Catarina

Descreve-se a ocorrência de surto de intoxicação por sal em suínos de duas propriedades, onde 70 porcos morreram. Soro de leite proveniente da salga de queijo era servido no cocho como única fonte hídrica aos animais. Não havia bebedouros nas instalações. Um dia após o fornecimento do soro, os porcos começaram a adoecer e apresentaram salivação excessiva, movimentos de pedalagem, opistótono e tremores cíclicos. Na necropsia, dois suínos apresentaram achatamento das circunvoluções do córtex telencefálico e um outro, edema no córtex telencefálico. Na histopatologia, observou-se necrose neuronal laminar difusa acentuada no córtex telencefálico, astrócitos de Alzheimer tipo II (AIIA), infiltrado multifocal perivascular de eosinófilos e linfócitos e edema perivascular. Outros achados incluíram marcação imuno-histoquímica fraca ou ausente para proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP), mas intensa marcação positiva no citoplasma dos AIIA para S-100. As concentrações de sódio sérico e do líquor mensuradas nos porcos estudados foram de 140 e 156mmol/L, respectivamente.

A total of 70 pigs were affected and died due to salt poisoning in two farms in southern Brazil. The only source of drinking water available to the pigs was whey from cheese salting process. One day after receiving the whey, animals started getting sick and showed excessive salivation, opisthotonus, paddling, and cyclic tremors. At necropsy of three pigs, two of them presented flattening of gyri and the other one presented cortical telencephalon edema. Microscopically, severe diffuse neuronal necrosis in telencephalic laminar cortex, Alzheimer type II astrocytes (AIIA), eosinophilic and lymphocytic perivascular cuffing apart of perivascular edema were observed. Weak or absent anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunolabeling was associated with positive immunostaining for S-100 in AIIA cytoplasm. Concentration of sodium in serum and liquor samples from dead pigs resulted 140 and 156mmol/L, respectively.

Intoxicação espontânea por Sorghum sudanense em bovinos leiteiros no Rio Grande do Sul / Spontaneous poisoning by Sorghum sudanense in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul

Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Sorghum sudanense (aveia de verão, capim-sudão) em um rebanho de bovinos leiteiros no município de Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul. Essa planta é utilizada como forrageira em diversas regiões do estado; entretanto, intoxicações ocasionais são associadas com a formação de ácido cianídrico por hidrólise dos glicosídeos cianogênicos presentes na planta. Vinte e nove vacas Holandesas foram colocadas, no final do dia, em um potreiro de 800m², onde uma pastagem estabelecida de capim-sudão rebrotava e atingia 30cm de altura. Na manhã seguinte, quase todo pasto havia sido consumido e três vacas foram encontradas mortas. Não foram relatados sinais clínicos, mesmo porque os animais não foram observados durante a noite. Exceto pela presença de folhas mastigadas de capim-sudão nas proximidades da entrada do rúmen, não foram observadas alterações macro ou microssópicas. Amostras da planta de diferentes locais no potreiro foram positivas no teste do papel picrossódico. Esses achados sugerem que as três vacas foram afetadas por intoxicação cianídrica secundária ao consumo de Sorghum sudanense.

An outbreak of Sorghum sudanense (Sudan grass) poisoning affected three cows from a dairy herd in Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Although S. sudanense has been used as a source of forage for cattle, sporadic poisoning occurs in association with management failures of these pastures. Cyanogenic glycosides present in the plant may form hydrogen cyanide through hydrolysis and may cause livestock poisoning. Twenty-nine Holstein cattle were allowed to graze in an 800m² paddock, in which lush sprouts of sudanense were 30cm high. Animals were placed on pasture at evening and, in the next morning, most forage had been consumed and three cattle were found dead. No clinical disease was noticed. Except by the presence of chewed sudan grass leaves near to the entrance of the rumen, there were neither macroscopic nor microscopic changes, Samples of S. sudanense taken from different places in the paddock were positive when evaluated by the picrosodic paper test. Such findings suggested that those three cows were affected by cyanide poisoning secondary to Sorghum sudanense consumption.

Management, breeding, and health records from a captive colony of pekin robins (Leiothrix lutea), 2001 - 2010.

Pekin robins (Leiothrix lutea) were once the most widely kept softbills in captivity. As a result of the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES-1997), the worldwide trade of wild-caught pekin robins has been prohibited due to the depletion of native populations of this species. In Brazil, as in other countries, pekin robins imported prior to the enactment of the CITES have disappeared from aviaries because the end of the birds' natural life span has passed, and only very few captive-bred pekin robins now exist. While captive propagation fails to address the primary causes of wild bird population decline, it might help the recovery of populations of this species. This article presents records made over a 10-yr period of a captive colony of pekin robins. Emphasis is placed on the management of the flock, the ailments affecting the birds, and the findings associated with bird losses. The main causes of bird losses included rearing management failures and age-related disorders.

Doença do armazenamento lisossomal induzida pelo consumo de Sida carpinifolia em bovinos do Rio Grande do Sul / Lysosomal storage disease caused by Sida carpinifolia in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul

This paper reports the natural poisoning by Sida carpinifolia (guanxuma, chá-da-índia) in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Five cattle were affected in the period 2001-2008. Clinical signs included weight loss, incoordination, walking difficulty, generalized tremors, frequent falls, and death. Microscopically, the main changes were vacuolation of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum, pancreatic acinar cells, and thyroid follicular cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed vacuoles bordered by membrane containing finely granular material. Lectin histochemistry showed positive staining in neurons with the lectins Concanavalia ensiformis (Con-A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), and Succinyl Triticum vulgaris (sWGA).

Relata-se a intoxicação natural por Sida carpinifolia (guanxuma, chá-da-índia) em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram afetados cinco bovinos no período 2001-2008. O quadro clínico foi caracterizado por emagrecimento, incoordenação, dificuldade de locomoção, tremores generalizados, quedas frequentes e morte. Microscopicamente, as principais alterações foram vacuolização dos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo, das células acinares do pâncreas e das células foliculares da tireoide. A microscopia eletrônica evidenciou vacúolos com conteúdo finamente granulado e delimitado por membrana. Na lectina-histoquímica, observou-se marcação em neurônios com as lectinas Concanavalia ensiformis (Con-A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) e Succinyl Triticum vulgaris (sWGA).

Fulguração como causa de morte em bovinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Lightning strike as a cause of death in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul

Fulguração é a morte de animais pela ação de correntes elétricas atmosféricas ou raios durante tempestades. Quatro bovinos provenientes de dois rebanhos foram encontrados mortos nas proximidades de árvores de Eucalyptus sp. imediatamente após registros de tempestades no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Nos locais haviam árvores com linhas de queimadura recente no tronco, cascas parcialmente soltas, além de restos de galhos e folhas espalhados sob as copas das árvores. Não foram encontradas lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas significativas, nem indícios de enfermidades tóxicas ou infecciosas. Tais achados sugerem morte súbita por fulguração nos bovinos.

Lightning strike may cause sporadic deaths of animals that have been exposed to high-voltage electric currents during thunderstorms. Four healthy adult cattle from two herds were found dead next to eucalypt trees immediately after storms in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. There were recent burns and loose barks on the trunks of the trees, apart numerous branches and leaves scattered on the ground under the canopy of the trees. No gross or microscopic lesions were observed. In addition, there was no evidence of any toxic or infectious disease. These findings suggest that lightning strike caused the death of those animals.

Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) poisoning in fallow deer (Dama dama).

A captive fallow deer (Dama dama) in a zoo was spontaneously poisoned after consumption of Sida carpinifolia. The paddock where cervids were kept was severely infested by S. carpinifolia. The deer developed a neurological syndrome characterized by muscular weakness, intention tremors, visual and standing-up deficits, falls, and abnormal behavior and posture. Because a severe mandibular fracture and the consequent deteriorating condition, it was euthanized. Main microscopic findings were swelling and multifocal cytoplasmic vacuolation in the Purkinje cells. The cytoplasm of multiple cells of the cerebellum, especially the Purkinje cells, stained with the lectins Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris, and succinylated Triticum vulgaris. Diagnostic possibilities such as bovine diarrhea virus, rabies, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathy were excluded. The report focuses on the risk of maintaining S. carpinifolia populations in zoo enclosures of wild herbivores.